Smart Materials

Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence displayed by humans or animals. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of achieving its goals. Some popular accounts use the term "artificial intelligence" to describe machines that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving", however this definition is rejected by major AI researchers.

Data acquisition is key in very diverse areas such as health sciences research, civil engineering, industry, etc. A data acquisition system comprises of three key components: a sensor, a signal conditioner and an analog-to-digital converter. Using a data acquisition system permits to get valuable information of the reality to improve the performance of the company and to extend the economic benefit. Data acquisition gives greater control over an organization’s processes and faster response to disappointments that may occur. The procedures are optimized to the maximum to obtain products and administrations of quality that maximize the result of the company and increase its efficiency.   

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SPM could be a research group working at the interface between chemistry, material science, and materials science. We are inquisitive about developing functional and stimuli-responsive materials based on polymers and liquid crystals, with particular focus on light-controllable systems and their use in soft robotics, photonics and biomaterials science.

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This monograph covers the fundamentals, fabrication, testing, and modeling of ambient energy harvesters based on three important streams of energy-harvesting mechanisms: piezoelectrics, ferroelectrics, and pyroelectrics. Energy harvesting is emerging as a viable method for electronic devices to pull ambient energy from their surrounding environment and change over it into electrical energy for stored power.

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A transducer may be a device which converts one sort of energy into another. An actuator may be a device that converts energy into motion. Therefore, it's a selected sort of a transducer. When the output of the transducer is converted to a readable format, the transducer is named a sensor.

When it gets a control signal, an actuator reacts by converting the source's energy into mechanical motion. Inside the electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic sense, it can be a shape of computerization or automatic control. An actuator can be a mechanism by which a control system acts upon to perform an operation or task. Modelling Piezoelectric Actuators Amplified Piezo Actuation – Internal and External Amplifications, Magnetostrictive Actuation, Joule Effect, Wiedemann Effect, Magnetovolume Effect, Magnetostrictive Mini Actuators, IPMC and Polymeric Actuators, Shape Memory Actuators, Active Vibration Control, Active Shape Control, Passive Vibration Control, Hybrid Vibration Control.

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Electro active polymers, or EAPs, are polymers that exhibit a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electrical field. The most common applications of this sort of fabric are in actuators and sensors. A typical characteristic property of an EAP is that they're going to undergo an outsized amount of deformation while sustaining large forces.

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The shape-memory polymer network has of covalent net points and switching segments based on a physical interaction. To display shape-memory functionality, the polymer network has to be temporarily fixed in a deformed state under environmental conditions relevant to the particular application.

Shape-memory alloys are metals that, even if they become deformed at below a given temperature, they are reaching to return to their original shape before deformation just by being warmed. Alloys with this diverse characteristic are utilized as functional materials in temperature sensors, actuators, and clamping fixtures

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Hybrid composite materials utilization steadily expanding in numerous engineering applications because they provide variety of created properties and various advantages over traditional composite materials. Hybrid composites have diverse characteristics which will be utilized in different structures and/or structural components without compromising their structural performance and durability. However, the use of natural fibers in composites makes the arrangement or structure more economical as well as eco-friendly.  

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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They comprise of ceramic fibres embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can comprise of any ceramic material, whereby carbon and carbon fibers can also be taken as a ceramic material. A composite material may be a material which is created from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have significantly dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties not at all like the individual elements.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are allotropes of carbon which have special electrical, mechanical & other physical properties. Graphene could be a two-dimensional material, basically a single layer of graphite, with carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal, honeycomb lattice. Carbon nanotube and graphene fillers, interfaces, and load transfer. A incredible deal of effort has been made to develop lightweight, strong composite materials with CNTs and graphene as reinforcement, and in spite of the fact that these are considered to be discontinuous short fillers, they have outstanding mechanical properties.Micro and Macro-mechanics, Modelling Laminated Composites, Review of Composite Materials,Based on Classical Laminated Plate Theory, Dynamics of Smart, Effect of Shear Deformation,Composite Beam, Governing Equation of Motion, Finite Element Modelling of Smart Composite.

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Smart materials are also called intelligent materials and responsive materials, and they are created or naturally formed substances that have some properties which can be considerably changed   in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as moisture, stress,   electric or magnetic fields, temperature, light, pH, or chemical compounds.

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Renewable materials can keep up our resources from the environment so as to overcome degradation of natural environmental services and diminished productivity. This paper shows recent advancement of renewable materials for smart material applications, including wood, cellulose, chitin, lignin, and their sensors, actuators and energy storage applications

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All chromogenic materials can alter their colour depending on external stimuli. There are three sorts of chromogenic materials and they are divided into categories depending on what type of outside stimuli triggers the change in colour. These are the sorts of chromogenic materials are photochromic, thermo chromic and electro chromic.

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A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, restoring function and facilitating healing for people after injury or disease. Biomaterials may be natural or synthetic and are used in medical applications to support, increase, or replace damaged tissue or a biological function

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Materials physics is the use of physics to explain the physical properties of materials. It is a synthesis of physical sciences such as chemistry, solid mechanics, solid state physics, and materials science. Materials physics, an alternative within the physics major, prepares students for high-tech employment in industries that have needs for superior materials, such as companies improving optical strands, transportation, electronics, communications, other energy sources, medication, and a wide extend of durable goods.

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Materials chemistry includes the use of chemistry for the design and synthesis of materials with curiously and possibly useful physical characteristics, such as magnetic, optical, structural or catalytic properties. Advanced materials in chemistry involve communications, reviews, and feature articles on topics in chemistry, material science, nanotechnology, ceramics, metallurgy, and biomaterials

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A smart structure may be a system containing multifunctional parts which can perform sensing, control, and actuation; it's a primitive basic of a biological body. Smart materials are utilized to build these smart structures, which can perform both sensing and incitation functions. Commonly experienced smart materials and structures are regularly categorized into three different levels: (i) single-phase materials, (ii) composite materials, and (iii) canny structures

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The interdisciplinary field of materials science, moreover commonly named as materials science and engineering, which covers the design and discovery of new materials, especially solids. Materials scientists emphasize understanding, how the history of a material (processing) impacts its structure, and thus the material's properties and performance. The understanding of processing-structure-properties relationships is called the materials paradigm. This paradigm is utilized to progress understanding in a variety of research areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials.

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Structure or the arrangement of materials' internal components – determines virtually everything about a material: its properties, its potential applications, and its performance within those applications.

Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Transducers, Energy Harvesting Materials, Autophagous Materials, Self-Healing Polymers, Intelligent System Design, Emergent System Design.

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Some of the applications of Smart Materials Classified into following ways

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